How to Minimize a Crosstalk in Transmissions?

Crosstalk in Transmissions (http://actelis.com/technology-2) 

Before 1881, the quality of telephone decrease when telephone lines were run close to electrical lines. The problem generally called as “crosstalk.” As defined by Rouse (2005) that Crosstalk is “a disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields of one telecommunication signal affecting a signal in an adjacent circuit.” 

This electromagnetic interference could cause microcircuits malfunctions in a such we could hearing a conversation from another telephone. How to minimize crosstalk or electro-magnetic interference? The easy answer is by application of a twisted-pair wires. 

Two separate enclosed cables are intertwined to make a twisted pair, look like a simple method. The shielded one (with surrounded meshes of fine wires) is to protect transmission, while other, the unshielded one is not for protection in transmissions through cables.   The technology was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1881 to solve the crosstalk problem, is simply by keeping the pairs twisted right up to the connection, so the circuit to be balancing.  

In addition, as suggested by EETimes (2018) that crosstalk can be rejected by combining a twisted-pair wire and lowpass filters. The low pass filter is technique to active component of direct current by blocking main line signals to enter direct current from transmission, and to allow the maximizing of inductances. 

The twisted cables together with lowpass filters could improve quality of telephone signals and made the cable lines could be run longer without worry of dropping signal quality. Luckily, this old invention is useful until recently such as to solve computer slowdown, using in IT cables and much more.  

References

EETimes. 2018. Design How-To Use a twist (and other popular wires) to reduce EMI/RFI.

Retrieved from https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1279624

Rouse, M. 2005. Crosstalk. Retrieved from

http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/crosstalk

 

Simple Menu, Gado Gado

Plate of Gado gado

Explicitly, gado gado means “mix” or medley, is a kind of Indonesian huge salad, easily found and sold by street vendors all over the country.  Promoted as 1 of 5 exotic and indigenous food from Indonesia. “Eaters” freely to select variety of seasonal vegetables, carbohydrate and proteins to put in their plate. 

Many vegetables included, either steamed, cooked or raw. Some of steamed vegetables are carrot, broccoli, and green beaned; cooked vegetables are bean sprout and cabbages (red and green) finely shredded. 

Eggs and tofu as source of protein. Hardboiled eggs are sliced, and fried tofu are cubed, suitable enough to be arranged in the plate. Lontong (rice wrapped) or potatoes as carbohydrate sources.   

Then, all selected vegetable, protein and carbohydrates coated (mixed) with dressing, or dressing is scattered on the top of plate, let consumers mixed by themselves. Dressing made of peanut butter blended with ingredients such as onions, ginger, coconut or palm sugar, chilies, salt, shrimp paste and tamarind. 

The dressing has combined tastes of spicy, savory and sweet. Gado gado eaten with “kerupuk” (crunchy things) like crackers (prawn taste crackers, rice crackers). Crunchy things are final touching of serving gado gado. Just try it.    

Flexibility in a New Design Network Protocol

Flexibility and Efficiency (https://www.eetimes.com) 

A new design network protocol should be flexible in principle. However, there are many issues should be address in setting up a network, some of them are Error Control and Flow Control. We will discuss these two issues in this article.

Data are transmitted from sender to receiver, the transferring of data involves many steps and levels. This process (transferring process) will cause errors at each step and level. Hence, to ensure that transferring data is success, we need to detect and correct the error. We call the process as “Error Control” process.

Two terms in error control process are error detection and then doing correction. This process will make digital data could be delivered through channels that might be unreliable. The unreliable channels occur when there is “noise’ causes interruptions (errors) during transmissions. Term of error detection will detect such interruption, then correct the errors (errors correction).  

We know that there is medium between sender and receiver in network communications, then the problem could be happened if there is different rate between sender and receiver. The rate could be higher from sender, but lower in receiver. The problem could be solved by introducing “Flow Control.”

The flow control is set up in the data link layers or higher layers. The traffic flow must be controlled no more than fair capacity. In this situation, flow control function as  akin of buffer, thus the result will produce efficiency in the communication networks.

Finally, we should take care many issues in setting up a new network. The successful to run a new network will depend on solving these issues.

Connection Oriented and Connectionless in Communication

Connection Oriented and Connectionless service (http://www.linktionary.com) 

Connection Oriented is communication mode in which connection is set up before data are transferred. As defined by Rouse (2018) that connection-oriented means data connections are established by the preliminary protocol before they are sent.  

Contrary, the connectionless has no set up for data transmission. Each data is transferred based on its information, addressed and routed.  As said by InetDaemon (2014) that “Connectionless means that no effort is made to set up a dedicated end-to-end connection.” Comparison of connection-oriented and connectionless are following: 

1.Advantages 

The advantages of Connection-Oriented and Connectionless services could be seen at Table below:

Advantages
Connection-Oriented	Connectionless
Established a session connection before data packages/frames can be sent	Every package is routed independently through the subnet
Guarantees that data will arrive in the same order as it was sent.	if something goes wrong on the subnet, no harm is done to the data which has already been sent.
The system works perfect in bi-directional communications environments	When there is little interference and plenty of speed available, then connectionless services will work very fine

The telephone network is an example of a connection-oriented service. The postal system is an example of a connectionless network service in daily life of real world. Some examples of connection-oriented packet mode communication are Asynchronous Transfer Mode, Connection-oriented Ethernet and DCCP. Some examples of a connectionless are Internet Protocol (IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).

2.Issues for both

Both connection-Oriented and Connectionless have issues (dis-advantages). The connection-Oriented introduces overhead and delays, which sometimes are undesirable. Moreover, Connectionless services sometimes will lose data due to damage in transit, it is because sender not ask receipt from the receiver.

However, I used both connection-Oriented and connectionless service in my daily life. I think to solve “delays and overhead” in the connection-Oriented service by storing the route to receiver. The other ways are to re-sequencing or to redial the services. Moreover, it is possible to solve the problem of “lose data due to damage in transit” in a connectionless network service by sending the data via a different route to the same destination.

The services, connection-oriented and connection-less have advantages and dis-advantages. The advantages could be seen at Table above (Discussion section). The connection-oriented is good for long distance, and connection-less service is good for short distance with small bandwidth.

The dis-advantages are slower for connection-oriented, and connection-less service is always not reliable as one of dis-advantages. Thus, both services are important for transferring data with their own advantages and dis-advantages.

References

InetDaemon. 2014. Connection Oriented vs. Connectionless. Retrieved from www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/basic_concepts/communication/connection-oriented_vs_connectionless.shtml

Rouse, M. 2018. connection-oriented. Retrieved from http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/connection-oriented